Excerpt: “The global annual average mole fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere – the atmospheric concentration – reached a new observed high in 2023, the latest year for which consolidated global annual figures are available (Figure 1). At 420.0 ± 0.1 parts per million (ppm), the concentration in 2023 was 2.3 ppm more than in 2022 and 151% of the pre-industrial concentration (in 1750).1 The concentration of 420 ppm corresponds to 3 276 Gt CO2 in the atmosphere. Between 1 January 2023 and 31 December 2023, the concentration of CO2 increased by 2.8 ppm, the fourth largest within-year change since modern CO2 measurements started in the 1950s. … Concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), two other key greenhouse gases, also reached record high observed levels in 2023. The concentration of CH4 reached 1 934 ± 2 parts per billion (ppb), 265% of pre-industrial levels, and that of N2O reached 336.9 ± 0.1 ppb, 125% of pre-industrial levels. Real-time data show that levels of CO2, CH4 and N2O continued to increase in 2024.”
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