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Russia’s ‘Shadow Fleet’ and Sanctions Evasion: What Is To Be Done?

Excerpt:  “The activities of Russia’s ‘shadow fleet’ have suddenly come under the global spotlight due to a growing focus on efforts to counter its role in evading sanctions and also amid growing suspicions of its involvement in an escalating Russian campaign of hybrid warfare against the West. Identifying options to clamp down further on shadow-fleet activities was the focus of an IISS workshop held in November 2024 in conjunction with the Royal Navy Strategic Studies Centre, which brought together UK officials, maritime industry representatives and a range of international academics. Those options include whether and how to be more assertive and effective in the enforcement of acknowledged and accepted international requirements under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).”